Tình huống:
Công ty ABC của Việt Nam chào hàng để bán một số túi da cho công ty DEF của Nhật Bản. Chào hàng ghi rõ có hiệu lực trong vòng 15 ngày từ thời điểm gửi đi (ngày 5/1/2007).
Nhận được chào hàng này vào ngày 10/1/ 2007, công ty DEF chấp nhận các điều kiện của chào hàng, chỉ thay đổi nội dung liên quan giải quyết tranh chấp là trọng tài của Phòng Thương Mại Quốc Tế (ICC).
Áp dụng quy định của công ước Vienna (1980) & bộ luật Dân sự Việt Nam (2005).
1, Trả lời của DEF có được xem là một chấp nhận chào hàng hay không?
2, Giả sử trả lời của DEF là một chấp nhận chào hàng nhưng ABC lại nhận được vào ngày 28/1 thì đây có phải là chấp nhận chào hàng không?
3, Giả sử trả lời của DEF là chấp nhận chào hàng thì hợp đồng được ký vào ngày nào?
Bài làm:
1. Trả lời của DEF không được xem là một chấp nhận chào hàng.Vì:
Theo điều 18 – điều 24 của công ước Vienna 1980
CISG quy định chấp nhận chào hàng là sự chấp nhận toàn bộ nội dung của chào hàng. Bất kì sự thay đổi, bổ sung nào với chào hàng ban đầu đều được xem như sự từ chối chào hàng và cấu thành chào hàng mới, trừ phi các nội dung mới không làm thay đổi cơ bản nội dung của chào hàng ban đầu. Các yếu tố bổ sung hay sửa đổi liên quan đến việc giải quyết tranh chấp đều được coi là biến đổi một cách cơ bản nội dung của chào hàng.
DEF đã thay đổi nội dung liên quan giải quyết tranh chấp, do đó được coi là biến đổi một cách cơ bản nội dung của chào hàng. Vì vậy trả lời của DEF không được xem là chấp nhận chào hàng.
2. 2a.
Giả sử trả lời của DEF là một chấp nhận chào hàng, nhưng ABC lại nhận được vào ngày 28/1 thì đây không phải là chấp nhận chào hàng. Vì:
Theo Khoản 1 Điều 390 BLDS 2005
Đề Nghị giao kết được chấm dứt khi: hết thời hạn trả lời chấp nhận mà chưa nhận được Chấp Nhận của Bên Được Đề Nghị.
Trên thư chào hàng của ABC ghi rõ có hiệu lực trong vòng 15 ngày, tức có hiệu lực đến ngày 20/1. Đến ngày 28/1 thì đã hết thời hạn trả lời chấp nhận mà ABC mới nhận được Chấp nhận của DEF. Do đó, đây không phải là chấp nhận chào hàng.
2b.
Tuy nhiên, theo điều 397 BLDS 2005: Chấp Nhận vẫn có hiệu lực nếu đến chậm vì lý do khách quan với điều kiện Bên Đề Nghị biết hoặc phải biết về lý do khách quan này. Tức, vì một lý do khách quan nào đó mà trả lời của DEF đến chậm, và lý do đó được ABC chấp nhận, thì đây được coi là chấp nhận chào hàng.
3. Giả sử trả lời của DEF là chấp nhận chào hàng thì hợp đồng được ký vào ngày 10/01/2007.
Theo điều 23, công ước Vienna 1980:
Hợp đồng được coi là đã ký kết kể từ lúc sự chấp nhận chào hàng có hiệu lực.
Ngày 10/1 DEF nhận được chào hàng và chấp nhận chào hàng, tức ngày 10/1 chào hàng có hiệu lực, hợp đồng được coi là đã ký kết.
Pharsal Verb in Biz English
Cut off = disconnect
Find out = discover
Get through = obtain a number
Hold on = wait
Look up = find, e.g. in a reference book
Ring up = make a telephone call
Pick up = lift
Put down = replace, e.g. replace a receiver
Put through = connect
Ring back = call again
Take down = write something down
To be put out by something = to be annoyed / upset by something
To put somebody up = to give somebody accommodation
To put up with something = to tolerate / bear something
To put off something = to postpone something
To be put off by something = to be discouraged / repelled by something
To put something away = to tidy something up
To put something back = to replace something
To put something forward = to suggest / propose something
To put something down = to write something down
To put in for something = to apply / claim for something
To put something up = to raise, e.g. prices, buildings
To put somebody through = to connect / transfer somebody
profound regret = thành kính phân ưu
passionate interest
rapid promotion = thăng tiến nhanh
bubbling humor = khiếu hài hước
deepest sympathy = thành kính phân ưu
distinguished career
poor quality
To despatch the order = thanh toán hóa đơn
To hold the position = giữ vị trí, chức vụ
To be elected a member = được bầu chọn là thành viên của.....
To draw a conclusion = to give a conclusion = to conclude
To set an objective = thiết lập mục tiêu
To draw up a document = soạn thảo văn bản
To offer facilities = cung cấp trang thiết bị
To work out a campain = thực hiện chiến dịch
To meet requirements = đáp ứng yêu cầu
To secure sales = duy trì doanh số
To set a goal = thiết lập mục tiêu
To persue a goal = theo đuổi mục tiêu
To achive a goal = đạt được mục tiêu
To place an advertisement = đăng quảng cáo
at once = right away = immediately = ngay lập tức
Be interested in doing something
Objection to doing something
Look forward to doing something
Advantages of doing something
Rely on doing something
Be used to doing something
Use to do something
Succeed in doing something
To acuse someone of doing something
Have intention of doing something
Have a good case for doing something
Insist on doing something
To be right in doing something
To go ahead with = to start doing something
To go back on = to fail to do what you have promised
To go into = to examine / discuss in detail
To go on with = to continue with
To go over = to work through something / to repeat
To go through with = to continue with something until it is finished
To settle a bill = thanh toán hóa đơn
To raise an invoice = to collect invoice
To remit a sum = to reduce
To allow a discount = giảm giá
To place an order = đặt hàng
To dispatch goods = to send
To post an entry =
To debit an account =
To issue a receipt =
To quote a price = định giá
To get across = to explain
To get at = to reach, đạt được
To get back = to have something returned to one; nhận lại cài gì đó
To get by = to manage; quản lý; to survive; tồn tại
To get down = to descend; giảm xuống; to put something in writing; viết ra
To get off = to have permission to leave, eg work, earlier than usual
To get on with = to make progress with; tiếp tục
To get over = to recover; return to normal; get better; phục hồi
To get round = to avoid; to half solve a problem; đang giải quyết vấn đề
Find out = discover
Get through = obtain a number
Hold on = wait
Look up = find, e.g. in a reference book
Ring up = make a telephone call
Pick up = lift
Put down = replace, e.g. replace a receiver
Put through = connect
Ring back = call again
Take down = write something down
To be put out by something = to be annoyed / upset by something
To put somebody up = to give somebody accommodation
To put up with something = to tolerate / bear something
To put off something = to postpone something
To be put off by something = to be discouraged / repelled by something
To put something away = to tidy something up
To put something back = to replace something
To put something forward = to suggest / propose something
To put something down = to write something down
To put in for something = to apply / claim for something
To put something up = to raise, e.g. prices, buildings
To put somebody through = to connect / transfer somebody
profound regret = thành kính phân ưu
passionate interest
rapid promotion = thăng tiến nhanh
bubbling humor = khiếu hài hước
deepest sympathy = thành kính phân ưu
distinguished career
poor quality
To despatch the order = thanh toán hóa đơn
To hold the position = giữ vị trí, chức vụ
To be elected a member = được bầu chọn là thành viên của.....
To draw a conclusion = to give a conclusion = to conclude
To set an objective = thiết lập mục tiêu
To draw up a document = soạn thảo văn bản
To offer facilities = cung cấp trang thiết bị
To work out a campain = thực hiện chiến dịch
To meet requirements = đáp ứng yêu cầu
To secure sales = duy trì doanh số
To set a goal = thiết lập mục tiêu
To persue a goal = theo đuổi mục tiêu
To achive a goal = đạt được mục tiêu
To place an advertisement = đăng quảng cáo
at once = right away = immediately = ngay lập tức
Be interested in doing something
Objection to doing something
Look forward to doing something
Advantages of doing something
Rely on doing something
Be used to doing something
Use to do something
Succeed in doing something
To acuse someone of doing something
Have intention of doing something
Have a good case for doing something
Insist on doing something
To be right in doing something
To go ahead with = to start doing something
To go back on = to fail to do what you have promised
To go into = to examine / discuss in detail
To go on with = to continue with
To go over = to work through something / to repeat
To go through with = to continue with something until it is finished
To settle a bill = thanh toán hóa đơn
To raise an invoice = to collect invoice
To remit a sum = to reduce
To allow a discount = giảm giá
To place an order = đặt hàng
To dispatch goods = to send
To post an entry =
To debit an account =
To issue a receipt =
To quote a price = định giá
To get across = to explain
To get at = to reach, đạt được
To get back = to have something returned to one; nhận lại cài gì đó
To get by = to manage; quản lý; to survive; tồn tại
To get down = to descend; giảm xuống; to put something in writing; viết ra
To get off = to have permission to leave, eg work, earlier than usual
To get on with = to make progress with; tiếp tục
To get over = to recover; return to normal; get better; phục hồi
To get round = to avoid; to half solve a problem; đang giải quyết vấn đề
Multiple choices exercise english for secretaries
1. Our manufacturing company is ……………. about ten minutes by taxi from here.
a. placed
b. found
c. located
2. We intend to ……….. the employees’ restaurant in the near future.
a. expand
b. increase
c. grow
3. The typists’ pool is …………. by nine full-time office juniors.
a. worked
b. staffed
c. employed
4. The Group is planning a ……………. expansion of its production facilities.
a. great
b. substantial
c. large
d. wide
5. A number of units were sold as a result of …………. from customers.
a. questions
b. queries
c. enquiries
6. The company has to …………. how many units it will sell.
a. guess
b. estimate
c. judge
7. I’m afraid some of the agents don’t ………….the Vero system.
a. store
b. keep
c. stock
8. A number of agents have …………….an opinion on the new range.
a. expressed
b. commented
c. spoken
9. We have based this on our …………. production figures.
a. scheduled
b. timetabled
c. programmed
10. We should …………….agents of any price increases.
a. notice
b. notify
c. note
11. Due to his ……………..the seminar was extremely successful.
a. attempts
b. efforts
c. tries
d. works
12. We must ……………….. their hospitality.
a. give back
b. return
c. reply
13. There were twenty …………..at the seminar.
a. pupils
b. attendants
c. participants
14. Could you thank him for the hospitality he ……………us?
a. spent on
b. extended to
c. conveyed to
15. We …………………his suggestion and stopped off at London.
a. went after
b. chased
c. followed
16. Very often you can …………a call direct.
a. turn
b. dial
c. choose
17. But sometimes you have to go through the …………..
a. connector
b. operator
c. contactor
18. Outside calls sometimes go through the ……………
a. switch-room
b. intercom
c. switchboard
19. Each telephone within the company has its own………………number.
a. branch
b. extension
c. sub
20. The numbers of most ....(i)…….can be found in the telephone….....(ii)…
(i) a. possessors
b. subscribers
c. participants
(ii) a. record
b. guide
c. directory
21. Calls within the same area are known as …………..calls.
a. short-distance
b. interior
c. local
22. Long-distance calls are known as …………calls.
a. route
b. switch
c. trunk
23. Usually calls between people in the same building are called ………….calls.
a. inside
b. internal
c. interior
24. If an outside call is put through to the wrong office it has to be ……………….
a. transferred
b. replaced
c. diverted
25. When a person receiving the call pays for it, the call is known as a ……………..charge call.
a. reserve-
b. return-
c. direct-
26. He had a long and ……………..career.
a. distinct
b. distinctive
c. distinguished
27. In 1965 he was ………… a member of the DAPE.
a. selected
c. chosen
c. elected
28. He ……………that post until he died.
a. occupied
b. held
c. maintained
29. It was with …………….regret that we learnt of the death of ………..
a. heartfelt
b. sad
c. profound
30. We have received his ……………report.
a. end
b. final
c. ultimate
31. …………… to the report you will find an appendix.
a. Attached
b. Clipped
c. Fixed
32. We have about 200 ………….customers for this product.
a. promising
b. potential
c. virtual
33. It will take a number of years to ………… our objective.
a. obtain
b. acquire
c. achieve
34. By 1978 we will have to increase our production ……………….
a. capability
b. ability
c. capacity
35. Our conclusions are ……………..below.
a. summarized
b. abbreviated
c. resumed
36. There were only about half a dozen people at the monthly departmental………..
a. conference
b. meeting
c. seminar
37. The maintenance engineer ………….the machine very carefully but could find nothing wrong with it.
a. investigated
b. inspected
c. supervised
38. The quality of the food in the restaurant she recommended was rather …………
a. poor
b. down
c. nasty
39. We asked the manager for his opinion and we think that it is probably the ………one.
a. good
b. precise
c. correct
a. placed
b. found
c. located
2. We intend to ……….. the employees’ restaurant in the near future.
a. expand
b. increase
c. grow
3. The typists’ pool is …………. by nine full-time office juniors.
a. worked
b. staffed
c. employed
4. The Group is planning a ……………. expansion of its production facilities.
a. great
b. substantial
c. large
d. wide
5. A number of units were sold as a result of …………. from customers.
a. questions
b. queries
c. enquiries
6. The company has to …………. how many units it will sell.
a. guess
b. estimate
c. judge
7. I’m afraid some of the agents don’t ………….the Vero system.
a. store
b. keep
c. stock
8. A number of agents have …………….an opinion on the new range.
a. expressed
b. commented
c. spoken
9. We have based this on our …………. production figures.
a. scheduled
b. timetabled
c. programmed
10. We should …………….agents of any price increases.
a. notice
b. notify
c. note
11. Due to his ……………..the seminar was extremely successful.
a. attempts
b. efforts
c. tries
d. works
12. We must ……………….. their hospitality.
a. give back
b. return
c. reply
13. There were twenty …………..at the seminar.
a. pupils
b. attendants
c. participants
14. Could you thank him for the hospitality he ……………us?
a. spent on
b. extended to
c. conveyed to
15. We …………………his suggestion and stopped off at London.
a. went after
b. chased
c. followed
16. Very often you can …………a call direct.
a. turn
b. dial
c. choose
17. But sometimes you have to go through the …………..
a. connector
b. operator
c. contactor
18. Outside calls sometimes go through the ……………
a. switch-room
b. intercom
c. switchboard
19. Each telephone within the company has its own………………number.
a. branch
b. extension
c. sub
20. The numbers of most ....(i)…….can be found in the telephone….....(ii)…
(i) a. possessors
b. subscribers
c. participants
(ii) a. record
b. guide
c. directory
21. Calls within the same area are known as …………..calls.
a. short-distance
b. interior
c. local
22. Long-distance calls are known as …………calls.
a. route
b. switch
c. trunk
23. Usually calls between people in the same building are called ………….calls.
a. inside
b. internal
c. interior
24. If an outside call is put through to the wrong office it has to be ……………….
a. transferred
b. replaced
c. diverted
25. When a person receiving the call pays for it, the call is known as a ……………..charge call.
a. reserve-
b. return-
c. direct-
26. He had a long and ……………..career.
a. distinct
b. distinctive
c. distinguished
27. In 1965 he was ………… a member of the DAPE.
a. selected
c. chosen
c. elected
28. He ……………that post until he died.
a. occupied
b. held
c. maintained
29. It was with …………….regret that we learnt of the death of ………..
a. heartfelt
b. sad
c. profound
30. We have received his ……………report.
a. end
b. final
c. ultimate
31. …………… to the report you will find an appendix.
a. Attached
b. Clipped
c. Fixed
32. We have about 200 ………….customers for this product.
a. promising
b. potential
c. virtual
33. It will take a number of years to ………… our objective.
a. obtain
b. acquire
c. achieve
34. By 1978 we will have to increase our production ……………….
a. capability
b. ability
c. capacity
35. Our conclusions are ……………..below.
a. summarized
b. abbreviated
c. resumed
36. There were only about half a dozen people at the monthly departmental………..
a. conference
b. meeting
c. seminar
37. The maintenance engineer ………….the machine very carefully but could find nothing wrong with it.
a. investigated
b. inspected
c. supervised
38. The quality of the food in the restaurant she recommended was rather …………
a. poor
b. down
c. nasty
39. We asked the manager for his opinion and we think that it is probably the ………one.
a. good
b. precise
c. correct
Expressions in Letter
- Reference
Thank you for your letter of ………….
With reference to your memo / invoice, ……………..
Further to our telephone conversation yesterday ……………..
Your advertisement / article in …………….. has been brought to our notice / attention.
You may recall that we met ……………… in the course of the conversation you mentioned that ……………….
You will probably be aware / have heard that ………………..
We were pleased / sorry to hear / learn that ……………
We note that ……………..
With regard to your request for / query about ………….
Thank you for pointing out / offering to / drawing our attention to ………..
- Expressing wishes
We would (very much) like to ……………….
We (particularly) want to …………….
We (do) hope ……………
We would prefer not to …………………..
We would rather not ……………
We are reluctant to ………………
- Requests
We would be grateful if you would / could ……………
Would you be so kind as to …………….
We would appreciate it if you could ………..
Could you please …………….
Would you mind …….ing…….
Please let us know when / how much / if ………..
- Drawing attention and reminding
We would point out that …………….
May we draw your attention to ………….
I’m afraid we must remind you that ……….
We do not appear to have received ………..
- Expressing urgency and necessity
……………. at your earliest convenience
…………… as soon as possible
…………… without further delay
…………… by return (of post)
We may be obliged to ………….
We shall be forced to ………..
It is essential that ………..
- Expressing willingness and offers of help
We are / would be (quite) willing / prepared to …………..
Would you like us to …………
Would it be of assistance if we ……….
Please don’t hesitate to get in touch with / contact us if we can be of any (further) assistance / if you need any (further) information.
- Apologizing and expressing regret
We are sorry (to hear / learn) that ………..
We apologize most sincerely for ………..
Please accept our apologies for ……………
We (deeply) regret that …………..
Unfortunately ………………..
I’m afraid ………….
- Giving assurance
We assure you / give you our assurance that ………..
You may rest assured that ……..
Every endeavour will be made to ……….
We will do our utmost to ensure that ………
You may confidently leave the matter in our / my hands ……
- Standard ending
Assuring you of our continued attention,
- Asking for clarification
It is not clear whether …………
We are not sure if …….
It would be of assistance if you could supply us with further details of / more information about ……….
We would be grateful if you could clarify this.
- Making suggestions and proposals
Might / may we suggest that …………
One possible solution would be to ………
We propose to …….
We are planning to ……..
- Asking for approval
We (sincerely) hope / trust that ………………… will be to your satisfaction / meet with your approval.
We hope / trust that you will have no objections / be agreeable to ……..
Would you have any objection if ………..?
- Confirmation
May I confirm the arrangements for / that ………
Would you please confirm that ……..
If we hear nothing further from you / nothing to the contrary, we shall assume / take it that ……..
We shall await your confirmation before going ahead.
(informal) Please drop us a line if ………….
- Expressing dissatisfaction and complaining
We regret to have to inform you that …….
We are experiencing difficulties in ……….ing………
We are at a loss to know how / why ………
We trust this matter will receive your prompt attention / be dealt with immediately.
………………. has proved highly unsatisfactory / most reliable
……………… leaves much to be desired / is totally inadequate
- Polite refusals to requests and excuses
We are (fully) aware of the problems, but unfortunately …………….
We (fully) appreciate your difficulties / point of view but …………
I’m afraid / Regretfully we are not in a position to / not able to ……..
We feel that (at this stage) it would be better / be unwise / not be in our interest to ......
We realize this is not ideal, however ……..
- Clearing up misunderstandings
There appears to be some misunderstanding about ………
Some misunderstanding seems to have arisen as to ………
We were under the impression / given to understand / led to believe that ….......
We were not aware / did not realize that ………….
- Stalling
We shall be looking into / reviewing the whole question of …………… in the near future. (Until then ……….)
We wish to ……………. before taking any (further) action / proceeding any further ……… currently under discussion / being discussed
In the meantime / As an interim measure …………..
……………… pending a detailed report / clarification
Phân tích "The Snob"
1. Topic: human's behavior about discrimination of social class in a community.
Theme: the author wanted to send a message to reader: "Snobbery, discrimination of social class may affect negative to your life, it can destroy your precious things".
In this story, the theme is implicit.
2. Plot: (cốt truyện) (tóm tắt câu chuyện thông qua những tình tiết chính)
Analysis of the plot
Exposition:
Inciting moment:
Complication
Turning point:
Climax:
Resolution:
3. Conflicts in this story:
External conflict: the conflict between John Harcourt and Grace.
Internal conflict: the conflict arises himself --John Harcourt.
4. Plot devices:
Action:
Coincidence:
Surprising ending:
5. Types of character & revelation of character:
6. Point of view:
Setting:
Atmosphere:
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